Who are considered "particular others" in identity formation?

"Particular others" refers to the specific individuals in an individual's life who influence their identity and self-perception, such as family members, close friends, mentors, and significant others. These people shape how individuals view themselves and their place in the world through direct interactions and feedback. For example, a parent may instill values and beliefs in a child that become central to that child's identity, or a close friend may provide support and validation that reinforces certain aspects of self-concept.

The other choices do not accurately capture the essence of "particular others." The general public (the second option) encompasses a broad category of individuals who do not directly influence someone's identity in the same personalized way. People living outside an individual's community (the third option) are typically even more removed from influencing personal identity. Lastly, individuals from historical backgrounds (the fourth option) do not generally fit into the idea of "particular others," as this term emphasizes current and personal relationships rather than historical context. Thus, the focus on influential figures in one's life is what makes the first choice the correct answer.