What does "generalized others" refer to?

The concept of "generalized others" refers to the collective social norms and beliefs of the community. This term is rooted in the work of sociologist George Herbert Mead, who emphasized the importance of understanding oneself in relation to the social group. The generalized other represents the attitudes, perspectives, and expectations that a community holds, which individuals internalize to form their sense of self.

By understanding these collective norms, a person can navigate social interactions and develop their identity in a way that aligns with societal expectations. This is particularly important in determining how individuals perceive themselves in relation to the wider society, as it encompasses shared values and cultural understandings that influence behavior and self-concept.

Other options focus on specifics, such as individuals or familial ties, which are more intimate than the generalized others that represent a broader societal context. While these close relationships certainly contribute to identity development, the true essence of "generalized others" lies in understanding the wider social influences that shape not only personal behaviors but also societal role expectations.